Suffixes marking gender
Male (m): -er/ -or
actor, author, waiter, murder, manager
Female (f): -ess
actress, authoress, waitress, murderess, manageress.

on a bus: Do not alight from the bus whilst it is in motion (Don’t get off the bus while it’s moving.)
on public transport (bus, train): These seats are appreciated by the old and infirm (These seats are for the people who are elderly or find it difficult to move easily.)
on a motorway: Reduce speed now (Start going more slowly now.)
on a cycle path: Cyclists dismount here (Cyclists should get off their bikes here.)
in the country: Trespassers will be prosecuted (People who walk on this private land will be taken to court.)
at the entrance to a car park: Pay and display (Buy a ticket and put it in a place where it can easily be seen.)
in the street: Penalty for dropping litter up to $100 fine (You can be taken to court and made to pay $100 for dropping rubbish.)
on the wall: No bill-sticking (You mustn’t put up any posters here.)
at the end of the escalator: Dogs must be carried (If people have a dog with them, they must carry it.)
at the zoo: Feeding the animals strictly prohibited (You are not allowed to feed the animals.)
on a river bank: Fishing strictly prohibited (Fishing is not allowed.)
Fishing: permit holders only (Only people with special cords given them permission are allowed to fish here.)
in the theatre: Kindly refrain from smoking in the auditorium (Please, don’t smoke in the theatre/ hall.)
outside the cinema: No admission to unaccompanied minors (Young people under 18 years old can only come in if they are with an adult.)
outside an exhibition/ dance/ concert hall: Admission to ticket holders only (People need a ticket to get in.)
at Customs: Nothing to declare (This is a way to go if you don’t have any goods to pay duty on.)
outside a café: Lunches now being served (You can buy lunch here now.)
Coffee now being served. (The café is open for coffee.)
Spanish spoken here. (The café staff can speak Spanish.)
Smoking strictly prohibited. (Smoking isn’t allowed in the café.)
at the supermarket checkout: Please place your purchases here (Please put the things you are going to buy/ have bought here.)
in a shop: Shop-lifters will be prosecuted (People who take things from the shop without paying will be taken to court.)
French spoken here (The staff there speak French as well as English.)
Clearance sale starts today (The things are going to be sold off cheaply because the shop wants to get rid of its stock or it is about to close down.)
Cycles for hire or sale (You can either hire or buy bicycles there.)
This packet carries a government health warning. (What is in this packet is officially considered bad for your health.)
in a hotel/ B&B: No vacancies (There are no free rooms there.)
Rooms to let (You can rent rooms there overnight.)
outside a block of flats: Flat to rent (One flat is vacant for renting.)

Money: dough, bread, dosh, loot, brass, spondulicks
Where’s the dough? It’s in a drawer, over there.
Could you lend me some dosh till tomorrow?

Police: pigs*, cop, copper, fuzz, bill
 * – могут быть оскорбительны для тех, кого так называют
Keep a look out for the pigs.
He’s a cop.

Drunk: pissed*, legless*, arseholed*, paralytic*, sozzled
Last night he seemed to be pissed.
He’s getting legless. Let’s take him home.

A stupid person: dickhead*, pillock*,wally, prat, nerd, jerk, plonker
Lavatory:  loo, lav, bog*, john
Can I use your loo, please?

Drink: booze, plonk, a snifter, a snort
We need to take some booze to the party.

Drug (related expressions): a fix, dope, grass, high, stoned, snow (= heroin)
Prison (related expressions):
nick (= prison)
He’s in the nick.
nark (= informer)
screw (= warder)

Wonderful: top-hole, wizard, fab, groovy, ace, cosmic, brill, wicked

Other:
grandma lane (= slow lane)
doughnuts (= tyres)
motion lotion (= fuel)
five finger discount (= stolen goods)
anklebiters (= children)
eyeballs (= headlights)
super cola (= beer)
affirmative (= yes)
a bloke (= man)
bally ache (= stomach ache)
I’ve got a terrible belly ache.
a quack (= doctor)
You’d better make an appointment with the quack.
a penguin suit (= a dinner jacket)
He had to wear a penguin suit to the wedding.
nosh (= food)
There’ll be plenty of nosh.
wheels (= car)
Have you got wheels or shall we call a taxi?
a cuppa (= a cup of tea)
I’m dying for a cuppa.
gobsmacked (= amazed)
He was absolutely gobsmacked when she told him she was leaving.
hubby (= a husband)
Where’s her hubby?
motor (= a car)
Let’s go for a run in the motor.
fella (= a fellow, a boyfriend)
He’s my fella.
brekkie (= breakfast)
Let’s have brekkie.
freebie (= something given away free)
It was a freebie.
a brickie (= break layer)
He’s a brickie.
a sickie (= a day of work claiming to be sick)
I took a sickie.
a barbie (= a barbecue)
Let’s have a barbie.

Cockney rhyming slang
(an expression is used in place of something that it rhymes with)
trouble and strife (= wife)
apples and pears (= stairs)
butcher’s (short for butcher’s hook = look)
Let’s have a butcher’s at your homework.
Gawd forbids (= kids)
Just look at those Gawd forbids playing football!
Cain and Abel (= table)
It’s on the Cain and Abel next to the phone.
Hampstead Heath (= teeth)
What a set of Hampstead Heath!
lean and lurch (= church)
She’ll get him to the lean and lurch by hook or by crook.
titfer (short for tit for tot = hat)
Have you seen my titfer?

US or American English

Australian English  (укорачивают слова, затем добавляют –ie или -o)

Indian English (более формальный, используют слова из классики XIX века)

Существует разница не только в произнесении многих слов, но и в их написании.
Различное написание слов:

Используются разные слова для обозначения одного и того же:

Разное значение у одних и тех  же слов:

В заголовках статей в газетах на английском языке обычно:
– опускаются артикли и вспомогательные глаголы:
EARLY CUT FORECAST IN INTEREST RATES
– употребляются простые формы глаголов:
SPACE PROBE FAILS
– используют аббревиатуру:
PM (Prime Minister), MP (Member of Parliament)
– применяются шутки в виде игры слов:
WOMAN FROM MARS TO BE FIRST BRITON IN SPACE
(A woman working at the Mars chocolate company got an interesting new job.)
– используются короткие слова, звучащих более драматично, чем обыкновенная лексика:
aid (помощь, помогать)
axe (удаление, удалять)
back (поддерживать)
bar (запрет, запрещать)
bid (попытка, пытаться)
blast (взрыв, взрывать)
blaze (пожар, загораться)
boost (поощрение, поощрять)
boss, head (менеджер, возглавлять)
clash (спор, спорить)
curb (ограничение, сдерживать)
cut (снижение, снижать)
drama (напряженная ситуация)
drive (усилие, принимать усилие)
gems (драгоценности)
go-ahead (одобрение)
hit (плохо влиять)
key (существенный, ключевой)
link (связь, связывать)
move (двигаться к желаемой цели)
ordeal (болезненный опыт)
oust (вытеснить,сместить)
plea (запрос)
pledge (обещание, обещать)
ploy (разумная деятельность)
poll (выборы, выбирать)
probe (расследование, расследовать)
quit (уйти, уволиться)
riddle (тайна, загадка)
strife (конфликт)
talks (обсуждения)
threat (опасность)
vow (обещание, обещать)
wed (свадьба, выходить замуж, жениться)

Warnings/ advice/ morals – do’s and don’t
Don’t count your chicken before they’re hatched. (Цыплят по осени считают. )
Don’t cross your bridges before you come to them. (Не говори “гоп” пока не перепрыгнешь.)
Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. (Не кладите все яйца в одну корзину.)
Never judge a book by its cover. (Не суди книгу по ее обложке.)
All that glitter is not gold. (Не всё золото, что блестит.)
Never look a gift horse in the mouth. (Дареному коню в зубы не смотрят.)
A bird in the hand is worth two in the brush. (Лучше синица в руках, чем журавль в небе.)
Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves. (Копейка  рубль бережёт.)
Absence makes the heart grow fonder. (Разлука укрепляет чувства.)
Familiarity breeds contempt. (Чем ближе знаешь, тем меньше почитаешь.)

Key elements
When the cat’s away, the mice will play. (Кота за двери, мыши в пляс.)
You can lead a horse to water but you can’t make it drink. (Можно привести ишака к воде, но пить его не заставит и шайтан.)
One swallow doesn’t make a summer. (Одна ласточка не делает лета.)

Visualising
There’s no smoke without fire. (Нет дыма без огня.)
Too many cooks spoil the broth. (У семи нянек дитя без глаза.)
People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones. (В чужом глазу соринку видит, а в своем бревна не замечает.)
Many hands make light work. (Одна голова хорошо, а две лучше.)